Table 4.
Types of cultural ecosystem services in Bukhansan and topic description

Use	Service type	Topic number	Topic description	MA services
Direct use	Hiking recreation	T3	Climbing to the top of the mountain	Recreation, aesthetic values
		T13	High-level hiking activities	Recreation, aesthetic values, social relations, cultural heritage values
		T16	Recreation based on lowland areas	Recreation, aesthetic values
		T10	Recreation in Dobong area	Recreation, aesthetic values
	Appreciation of seasonal landscape and recreation	T18	Activities of appreciating landscape and hiking in the fall	Recreation, aesthetic values
		T17	Activities of appreciating water scenery and enjoying recreation in the summer	Recreation, aesthetic values, sense of place
	Calm recreation	T6	Calm recreation and appreciation for nature	Recreation, aesthetic values, educational values, cultural heritage values
	Cultural heritage value	T4	Exploration of remains and related historical information	Cultural heritage values
Indirect use	Indirect use value in connection with convenience facilities	T15	Day-type outdoor activities based on adjacent commercial facilities	Aesthetic values, sense of place
		T5	Accommodation-type outdoor activities based on adjacent tourist facilities	Recreation, aesthetic values, sense of place
	Indirect use value in daily life	T8	Experience of viewing and appreciation of Bukhansan in personal life	Aesthetic values
		T9	Values related to a view and a life zone in consideration of adjacent residential facilities	Aesthetic values, sense of place
Direct or indirect use	Inspirational activities	T2	Creation and appreciation activities such as art and literature set in Bukhansan	Inspiration