Table 14.
Comparison and comprehensive summary of mountain enjoyment characteristics in the Joseon dynasty and present

Division Joseon dynasty Modern society
Scale Quite a number of people, no 1 person hiking/ 3~7 days, and over Usually 1-2 People, but Diverse / almost 1 day trips
Major enjoyment Point Commonly, ‘temple’, ‘dae’, and ‘peak’, others are similar. 'Peak' is in common, others are different depending on the mountain.
Behavior Lodging, appreciation of scenery anc natural objects , write/recite poetry, getting guidance on a path from a monk etc. Taking picture, appreciation of scenery, eating meal/snack
Advantage/potential

Take enough time over several days to fully enjoy the landscape

They regard the forest as ideal and perfect, comparing themselves to it as a training space to train their mind and body.

It is essential to stay at the temple for accommodation and receive a guide from a monk to hike.

Various forest enjoyment activities such as writing a poem, reading, chatting, drinking and singing, and eating occur in a wide spectrum of times from early morning to late night

Easy access to the mountains due to the development of transportation and hiking equipment technology

Various directions and lengths of trails, a wealth of information about hiking online and in the field, well-maintained hiking trails, development of facilities and equipment enable safe and efficient hiking → autonomous plan for hiking is possible without physical, seasonal, and personnel restricts maximizing the uniqueness of hiking depending on a mountain and hiker’s characteristic

Weaknesses/limitations

A tendency to follow previous generations’ hiking due to difficulties in obtaining information about hiking. A similar tendency of forest enjoyment movement, points, and behavior

Limited access due to poor climbing equipment and unmaintained roads. Hiking should rely on others, such as monks, porters, and horsemen consuming a lot of manpower, time and money

Because of the mountaineering-oriented hiking and the climb is completed quickly during the day time, it is impossible to appreciate the mountain scenery deeply for a long time, or enjoy it in the early morning or late evening hours

No literary and artistic activities targeting mountains appear other than enjoyment such as viewing the scenery and taking photos