Table 2.
The landscape types and landscape elements in all dynasties (frequency)

Landscape types Dynasties
Pre-Qin Sui and Tang Song and Yuan Ming and Qing Modern
Natural landscape Topography Liangfu Mountain(9), field (9), continuous peaks(8) and 14 others continuous peaks(12), cliff(8),the summit of Mount Tai (7)and 12 others continuous peaks(11), Ling-yan Mountain(9), the summit of Mount Tai(9) and 12 others continuous peaks(10), the summit of Mount Tai(10), SunViewing Peak(9) and 14 others continuous peaks(13), the summit of Mount Tai(8), valley(8) and 13 others
Plants branches and leaves(3), mountain forest(3), weeds(3), and 11 others pines(9), branches and lea-ves(6), Wu Dafu Pine(3) and 5 others pines(9), Wu Dafu Pine(7), grass and trees(7) and 8 others pines(6), Wu Dafu Pine(5), mountain forest(5) and 9 others pines(13), Wu Dafu Pine(4), maple leaves(4), platycladus orientalis(3) and 9 others
Waterscape Wangmu Pool(3), springs(1), streams(1) and 2 other sea(6),springs(5), streams(4) and 12 others sea(6), streams(5), riverside(4) and 12 others springs(8), streams(7), sea (7) and 8 others springs(9), streams(7), waterfall(5) and 10 others
Animals horse(1), beast(3), rabbit(3) and 3 others birds(2), whales(1) swallow(1), sparrow(1) birds(1), wild goose(1)
Weather sky(8), clouds(9), wind(6) and 9 others sky(10), clouds(9), sunrises(9) and 7 others sunrise(11), clouds(10), sky(9) and 8 others clouds(9), cloud and mist(8), sunrise(7) and 8 others clouds(13), sunrise(12), sky(9) and 8 others
Season autumn(5), winter solstice(1) autumn(1), spring(1), winter(2) and 1 other autumn(4), spring(2), summer(1) autumn(4), late spring(2), summer(2) autumn(4)
Time morning(2), evening(1), october(2) and 1 other evening(4), morning(2), april(1) and 1 other early dawn(3), evening(3), Chung Yeung Festival(1), and 1 other early dawn(3), morning(2), aprils(2) and 3 others evening(3), dawn(2), morning(1) and 1 other
Artificial landscape Buildings thatched cottage(5), stone house(4), Zhoumingtang(2) and 2 others stone houses(4), the hall of Abstinence(2), Luoyang city(1) and 1 other thatched cottage(8), Bixia Palaces(2), meditation abodes(8) and 8 others palace(5), temple(5), Bixia Palaces(4) and 10 others temples(7), pavilions(5), Puzhao Temple(4) and 9 others
Structures sacrificial altar(3), corridor(2), Naihe Bridge(1) mountain roads(9), sacrificial altar(3), stone door(2) and 3 others mountain roads(12), South Gate to Heaven*(7), stone steps(5) and 6 others mountain roads(9), South Gate to Heaven(8), stone steps(5) and 4 others mountain roads(7), stone steps(7), South Gate to Hea-ven(7) and 3 others
Relics inscriptionless stele(2), stone inscriptions(2) ancient books(2), inscription on stone tablet for praise(1), stone inscription(1) stone inscription(3), inscription on stone tablet(1) stone inscriptions(7), inscriptions in the Sutra rock(4), inscription on stone tab-let for praise(4) and 2 others stone inscriptions(6), inscription on stone tablet for praise(4), inscription on stone tablet(3) and 2 others
Traffics Dragon Chariot*(2), carriage(1) Dragon Chariot(4), carriages(2) ships(3), Dragon Chariot(2) ropeways(7), sedans(2), cable car(2)
Human activities Human- beings emperors(23), Taoist priest(3), courtier(2) and 1 other emperors(20), Taoist priest(8), courtier(3) and 4 others Buddhists(9), emperors(4), procession of dffer sacrifices to heaven(2) and 2 others tourists(3), believers(3), buddhists(2) and 2 others tourists(5), believers(2), heaver(2) and 3 others
Five-Senses Vision cyan(2), gold(1), green(1) cyan(5), gray(3), red(2), and 2 others gold(3), cyan(3), red(2) and 1 other cyan(6), red(5), green(1 and 4 others red(4), cyan(4), gray(1) and 1 other
Hear-ing sounds of zither-like instruments(1), sounds of reeds of panpipes(1), sounds of running water(1)and 1 other sounds of wind and string ed instruments(3), sounds of Jade tube(3), sounds of running water(2) and 1 other shouts of offer sacrifices to heaven procession(2), sounds of running water(2), bells(2) sounds of running water(2), sounds of reeds of panpipes(1), bells(4) sounds of running water(2)
Smell floral fragrance(2)
External activities Belief Fengshan(26), offer sacrifice to Heaven(5), sacrifice to the Earth(3) and 5 others Fengshan(23), asking the immortals(5), dojo*(5) and 6 others Fengshan(17), sacrifice (4)dojo(3) and 6 others Fengshan(3), worship on bended knees(2), burn incense(2) and 6 others pray for auspiciousness(3) worship on bended knees(2), burn incense(2) and 6 others
Production smoke from kitchen chimneys(2), cropland(2), plow(1) cropland(3), rice(1), wheats(2) plantations(3), smoke from kitchen chimneys(2), Guiyin fields(5) and 4 others Guiyin fields(3), crops(3), plantations(2) and 1 other cherry ochard(4), plantations(3), courtyard(1) and 2 others
Human activiti-es Action seclusion(5), seeking(3), climbing(2) and 5 others seclusion(7), climbing(6), looking far into distance(5) and 5 others climbing(14), visiting(6), seclusion(3) and 5 others climbing(9), looking far into distance(7), looking up(4) and 4 others climbing(11), looking far into distance(8), looking down(7) and 4 others
Internal activities Image towering(7), magnificent(7), peaceful(3) and 5 others towering(4), magnificent(3), precipitous(3), peculiar(3), and 6 others towering(5), precipitous(5), dense(4) and 7 others towering(7), precipitous(6), magnificent(5) and 6 others towering(6), magnificent(5), precipitous(4) and 10 others
Semantics immortals(23), benevolence*(7), Divine Dragon*(6), and 33 others immortals(18), Divine Dragon(3), thousand years(3) and 19 others immortals(12), Divine Dragon(3), gods(3) 12 others Mount Tai God(6), immortals(5) and 13 others immortals(5), Mount Tai God(4), Divine Dragon(4) 11 others
The landscape elements in this study are classified according to the specific meanings embodied in the poems.
South Gate to Heaven(南天門)* is a stone arch located at the end of Mount Tai's Eighteen Pan(十八盤). Dragon Chariot(龍輦)*is the Carriage of emperors in old days.
Benevolence* is the core of Confucianism. Dojo(道場)*is a large-scale chanting or kneeling ceremony in Buddhist and Taoism. Divine Dragon(神龍) is the mythical animals of the poet's imagination.