Table 1. The characteristics of commemoration by nation

Nation U.S.A USSR Germany
Analysis items
Introduction

Commemorate to the victims

Emphasize the cause of justice and dedication for freedom

Uplift the victory of WWII

Promote national unity

Emphasize ‘the Great Patriotic War’ against fascist nazi and worship for war heroes

Propagandize of communism, but exposed instability and inefficiency of it’s system

Promote national unity by embracing different religions and countries

Can’t make WWII memorial representing national characteristics

Commemorate to the victims, comradeship

Seeking peace and reconciliation

Location

Located in ‘the National Mall’ in Wahington D.C. as the center of the nation’s capital

Located in the iconic place close to the battlefield

Located in Moscova. as the center of the nation’s capital

Located in the iconic place close to the battlefield

Located in the nation’s capital and local church and cemetery

Some of WWII memorial merged into WWI memorial

Spacial characteristics

Mostly formed special axis and geometrical pattern

Represent the flow and continuity of space through modern design

Strictly formed special axis and geometrical pattern

Strictly formed special axis and geometrical pattern

Commemorative elements

Applied the symbol of the united states as bald eagle, national flag, column, symbolic stone

Applied waterscape facilities using water as a medium for commemoration and reminiscence of the victims

Shaped like a human hand in abstract form and monuments in abstract form

Visually expressed ’the Great Patioric War’ through wall and display space

Erected heroic soldier sculptures

Built Russian Orthodox church, Mosque, and synagogue as religious symbol

Strongly manifested communist style

Partially shows a Christian image sculpture inspired by Pieta

Use the sculpture of the fallen to commemorate the victims

Partially use the cross

Erected commemorative wall and column in Dresden Heidefriedhof WWII memorial

Partially shows a Christian image sculpture inspired by Pieta

Commemorative text

Emphasize the cause of justice and dedication for freedom

Uplift the victory of WWII

Emphasize ‘the Great Patriotic War’ against fascist nazi using the relief memorial wall and exhibition space

Memorized to the victims from the region