Table 10. Generalization of each of communities

Community Dominance species Age of tree State of ecological succession
Canopy layer Understory layer
Pinus densiflora community (I) Pinus densiflora is dominant Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata is dominant Pinus densiflora 60 years Pinus densiflora community is estimated to maintain its population for a while, Quercus mongolica’s succession in Pinus densiflora community and Quercus serrata’s succession to Quercus spp. community is estimated
Quercus mongolica community (II) Quercus mongolica is dominant, Part of Pinus densiflora appears Prunus sargentii, Robinia pseudoacacia, Lindera obtusiloba is dominant Quercus mongolica 47 years, Pinus densiflora 47 years Quercus mongolica is estimated to maintain its population
Quercus serrata-Quercus mongolica community (III) Quercus serrata is dominant, part of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora appears Acer pseudosieboldianum, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii is dominant Quercus serrata 54 years, Pinus densiflora 78 years, Quercus serrata 53 years Quercus serrata community is estimated to maintain its population, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica is estimated to be mixed in Quercus community
Betula schmidtii community (IV) Betula schmidtii is dominant Sorbus alnifolia, Quercus serrata, Betula schmidtii is dominant, Betula schmidtii 40 years Betula schmidtii community is estimated to maintain its population
Quercus acutissima - Robinia pseudoacacia community (V) Quercus acutissima, Robinia pseudoacacia is dominant Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus mongolica, Prunus sargenti is dominant Robinia pseudoacacia 37 years Quercus acutissima - Robinia pseudoacacia community is estimated to maintain its population and changed as Quercus community in the long period
Pinus koraiensis community (VI) Pinus koraiensis is dominant Pinus koraiensis, Prunus sargenti, Robinia pseudoacacia is dominant Pinus koraiensis 52 years Pinus koraiensis is estimated to maintain its population
Ecological succession It was estimated thae the Pinus densiflora will be change to Quercus spp. gradually in temperate region.