Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
The Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
Article

가이드북에 나타난 태산 (泰山) 경관특성에 관한 연구

위잉*, 정태열**,***
Ying Yu*, Teayeol Jung**,***
*경북대학교 조경학과 박사과정
**경북대학교 조경학과 교수
***경북대학교 지역개발연구소 운영위원
*Graduate Student, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Kyungpook National University
**Associate Professor, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Kyungpook National University
***Steering Committee Member, Regional Development and Operation Committee, Kyungpook National University

이 논문은 2022년 한국조경학회 추계 학술대회 발표논문을 토대로 작성한 논문임.

Corresponding author : Taeyeol Jung, Associate Professor, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea, Tel.: +82-53-950-5786, E-mail: jungty@knu.ac.kr

© Copyright 2023 The Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Feb 08, 2023; Revised: Mar 07, 2023; Accepted: Mar 20, 2023

Published Online: Mar 31, 2023

국문초록

태산(泰山)은 해발 1,532m로 중국에서 제일 높은 산이 아님에도 불구하고 “오악독존(五嶽獨尊)”과 같은 높은 명성을 가지고 있다. 가이드북은 특정 이벤트나 시설 등에 대한 안내와 설명을 담은 책이나 소개서이다. 특히 관광지에 대해 상세하면서 정확한 정보를 다른 상업홍보 보다 시각적이면서도 다량으로 제공한다는 특성이 있다. 이에 태산에 관한 경관을 묘사한 가이드북을 연구 재료로 활용하여 경관유형 및 요소 분석과 경관요소의 커널 밀도(Kernel Density), 평균중심(Mean Center), 표준차 타원(Standard Deviational Ellipse) 분석을 통해 태산경관 특성을 파악하였다. 본 연구 결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 태산의 경관유형 특성은 자연경관이 가장 많이 나타났으며, 이는 시문과 빅 데이터 분석에 나타난 인간활동 위주의 태산경관 특성과 다르다. 둘째, 세부적인 경관유형별로 보면 경관요소의 비중에 따라 많이 나타난 것은 지형, 구조물, 건물, 식물, 의미, 사람, 이미지 순이라고 할 수 있다. 셋째, 시계열별 경관요소로 보면 “봉선(封禅)”과 “제사(祭祀)”, “전설”은 1950년대와 1980년대에 많이 나타났으며 1990년대 이후는 “등반”, “멀리 바라보기”가 많이 나타났다. 넷째, 태산 경관요소의 공간분포는 전시대에 걸쳐 태산 대정 (岱顶)과 대묘 (岱廟)에 많이 분포되어 있다. 이는 향후 태산 풍경명승지의 중요 공간이 될 수 있다. 그리고 전체적으로 경관요소는 태산 풍경명승지 집중분포에서 태산과 태안 도시지역을 포함하는 분산분포의 형태로 나타났다. 이는 향후 태산 풍경명승지의 경관 보정과 가이드북 재제작을 할 때 필요한 시사점을 제시하고자 한다.

ABSTRACT

Mount Tai, with an elevation of 1,532 meters, has a reputation as “The Most Revered of the Five Sacred Mountains (五嶽獨尊)”, despite not being the highest mountain in China. A guidebook is a book or pamphlet that contains an introduction and description of specific activities or facilities, especially detailed and accurate information about scenic spots, which provide superior vistas to than other commercially publicized locations. The study aims to investigate Mount Tai’s landscape characteristics by analyzing the landscape types and elements, the Kernel Density, the Mean Center and the Standard Deviational Ellipse of the landscape elements appearing in guidebooks introducing Mount Tai. The research results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the landscape type characteristics of Mount Tai are dominated by natural landscapes, which are different from what was shown highlighted in poems and Big Data as they proposed that the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai is dominated by human activities. Second, from the perspective of subdivided landscape types, the landscape elements that appeared in Mount Tai are topography, structure, architecture, plants, semantics, human beings and image orderly, based on the proportion of landscape elements. Third, from the perspective of landscape elements by times series, “Fengshan (封禅)”, “sacrifices (祭祀)” and “legends” mostly appeared in the 1950s and 1980s, and after the 1990s, “climbing” and “overlooking” mostly appeared. Fourth, the landscape elements of Mount Tai are concentrated in Daiding (岱顶) and Dai Temple (岱庙) in all periods in terms of spatial distribution. This will become an important space for Mount Tai scenic spots in the future. Moreover, as a whole, the landscape elements of Mount Tai have changed from the concentrated distribution form in Mount Tai scenic spot to the scattered distribution form including Mount Tai and Tai’an City. This will provide necessary enlightenment for the landscape preservation and the re-production of guidebooks of Mount Tai scenic spot in the future.

Keywords: 경관유형; 경관요소; 빈도분석; 공간분포
Keywords: Landscape Type; Landscape Elements; Frequency Analysis; Spatial Distribution

1. Introduction

In 1928, Shotaro Kentaro of Japan once said in Toshika Taniguchi’s Travel Praise and Salute that travel is a basic demand in people’s life and reflects human civilization. At the same time, he also said that when traveling, it is more important than money to know the information of mountains, scenic spots, relics, shrines, legends or origins of Buddhist temples (Seo, 2005). In other words, the role of the guidebook is to make yourself an encyclopedia of knowledge about the destination you want to see. In addition, tourists can learn more information about the scenic spots and imagine what they could see in the area through guidebooks. By this, the initial impressions of tourists are determined. In this sense, a guidebook is a detailed instruction for understanding general or special information of relevant areas and learning local multi-cultures (Ahn and Park, 2015).

In addition, according to the sales survey of books in China, the sales of scenic spots guidebooks account for 46% of the total sales of tourist books(https://www.bbtnews.com.cn/2014/1107/58514.shtml). Guidebooks can provide detailed landscape information and travel routes, so they are often used when making travel plans. The reason why guidebooks are welcomed by people is that they are more visible than other commercial propaganda and can provide a lot of detailed and accurate information about scenic spots.

What’s more, idioms related to Mount Tai such as “as heavy as Mount Tai (重如泰山)”, “Mount Tai and the North Star (泰山北斗)”, and “as steady as Mount Tai (稳如泰山)” have appeared both in China and Korea. From this, it can be seen that Mount Tai is often used as a metaphor for things of great value, respected and admired figures, and inviolable status, etc. (Lee, 2018). Mount Tai has been the object of Chinese emperors pilgrimage for two thousand years. It used to be known as a world famous mountain, and it is a well-known excellent scenic spot. However, recently, Mount Tai scenic spot is becoming a tourist resort for economic development, just like other scenic areas. And the landscape traces of “Yunlong Sanxian (雲龍三現)” and “Yangtian Wangfo (仰天望佛)” in the past have gradually disappeared (Yu and Jung, 2021). With the development of the relationship between Mount Tai and human beings and the evolvement of modern civilization, it is necessary to explore what is the image and significance of Mount Tai in the eyes of the landscape propagandists of the guidebooks introducing Mount Tai.

Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai by analyzing the landscape types and elements, the Kernel Density, Mean Center and Standard Deviational Ellipse of the landscape elements appearing in the guidebooks introducing Mount Tai.

2. Theoretical Study

Kang et al. (2007), Arima (2015), Askawa and Okano (2008) and Shibasaki (2019) in Japan learned about the image of tourist destinations from the perspectives of scenic spots’s resources, atmosphere, and tourist activities by analyzing the contents of guidebooks. Ahn and Park (2015), Seo (2009) and others analyzed the reorganization process of tourism space in the content of the guidebooks, its connotation and meaning, and the symbolism of tourism resources. Han (2019), Hanamura (2001), and Okano et al. (2001) analyzed the characteristics of changes over a long period of time by analyzing the contents of guidebooks. Keaisumi and Nakai (2016) took Hakone (箱根) from Meiji (明治) 22 to Heisei (平成) 14 as the research object, and pointed out the impact of modern transportation in guidebooks on landscape appreciation. Lin (2009) analyzed the changes of social customs in Fuzhou (福州) as a modern city by using the guidebooks such as Fuzhou Essentials (福州要览) and The Latest Fuzhou Guidebook (最新的福州指南). The above research used the guidebooks to obtain the development and changes of the city and society, and the image and significance of scenic spots. But most of the analysis revolved around analysis in terms of tourism or culture, not so much in terms of landscape.

Compared to other research materials, texts can more accurately express the author’s views and intentions while being free from the constraints of time and space. Meanwhile, it is easier to provide readers with more relaxed and authentic perception of the experience and landscape context (Eric, 1961). Mount Tai is a famous mountain in China. From the past to the present, it has been deeply loved by Chinese people. At the same time, the texts related to Mount Tai landscape are very rich. Therefore, based on the different subjects of text writing (landscape enlighteners, landscape appreciators, and landscape propagandists), this study attempts to discuss the similarities and differences of different social groups on the landscape experience characteristics of Mount Tai. Poems are texts written by poets or celebrities about famous landscapes (Yu, 2023). According to Kato et al.(2001) in Japan, poetic texts not only contain a large number of human environments and landscapes, but also reflect macro-regional images and symbolic meanings, embodying the understanding of landscape enlighteners. User comments are texts that people spontaneously generate on social media. Through these, we can understand the objective preferences and feelings of landscape appreciators. Guidebooks are representative texts prepared by the management directors for the purpose of promoting tourist attractions. For travelers, guidebooks are encyclopedias that can provide the location and journey of specific scenic spots. That is, through the guidebook, we can understand what the landscape propagandists promote and emphasize in the tourist attractions. In other words, a guidebook is a way to understand what a landscape propagandist is promoting and emphasizing in a tourist attraction.

In addition, Yu and Jung (2021) derived the landscape types and elements of Mount Tai and the characteristics of spatial distribution of landscape elements from the perspective of landscape enlighteners (poets or celebrities) by using poems written by poets or celebrities, and Yu and Jung (2022) used the texts spontaneously generated by tourists in big data to master the landscape characteristics of modern Mount Tai from the perspective of landscape appreciators, which inspired us to improve the research on the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai from the perspective of Mount Tai landscape propagandists. Therefore this study analyzes the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai that appear in the representative guidebooks made by the landscape propagandists.

3. Research Scope and Methodology

3.1 Spacial Scope

The study of the history of Mount Tai should be carried out in the range of “Great Mount Tai (大泰山)” area under the historical culture of the mountains in Tai’an (泰安) and Jinan (濟南). This area is influenced by Mount Tai culture and landscape architecture and is also the reference area of Mount Tai scholars in researching Mount Tai history and culture(Qu and Zhou, 2005). The modern Mount Tai scenic spot includes Mount Tai in Tai’an City, Haoli Mountain (蒿里山), Lingying palace[靈應宮 (Bixia Yuanjun (碧霞元君)’s temple at the foot of Mount Tai], and Lingyan Mountain (靈巖山) in Licheng District (历城区), Jinan City (Xu, 2019). Figure 1 shows the spatial scale of this study that is limited to the historical and cultural “Great Mount Tai” region.

jkila-51-2-54-g1
Figure 1. Study area Source: Download with 91 satellite map (Mount Tai in Sandong, China). 2021. 04. 25. updated date
Download Original Figure
3.2 Research Methodology

During the 60 years from the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) (1949) to the present time (2010s), the analysis method and process of the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai in the guidebooks developed to promote the landscape of Mount Tai are as follows. First, a total of 10 guidebooks made to promote the landscape of Mount Tai were collected. Second, referring to the previous research, after refining the guidebook data, the frequency of landscape elements was derived by using ROST-CM6. Third, the landscape elements were classified into natural landscape, artificial landscape and human activities, and the landscape types and characteristics of landscape elements were analyzed by time series. The fourth part is to introduce the landscape elements of the geographic location information that can be obtained in the guidebooks into GIS, and master the spatial distribution characteristics through Kernel Density1), Mean Center, and Standard Deviational Ellipse analysis.

3.2.1 Data collection

In order to objectively analyze the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai, the type of landscape guidebook is limited to the official landscape guidebook of Mount Tai scenic spot, which is mainly edited by the Management Office of Mount Tai scenic spot and published by China or Shandong Province (山东省) Tourism (Travel) Book Special Publishing House. A total of 10 guidebooks2) were collected from the 1950s to the 2010s for analysis.

3.2.2 Pre-processing of data

Firstly, the collected guidebooks were quantified by using CS Scanner (CamScanne). Secondly, since the main point of view of this study is to understand the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai, specific instructions on public transportation routes that are not related to the description of the landscape or the introduction of individual tourist service facilities (accommodation, restaurants, shopping, food, etc.) were excluded.

As shown in Table 1, a total of 32,858 vocabulary data (2,416, 6,656, 5,734, 10,307, 7,745) were obtained by separating the guidebook text data. In order to ensure the unity of data and the accuracy of statistics, the separated 32,858 vocabulary data were refined as follows. ① Grammatical auxiliary words, pronouns, adverbs of degree, and location words and quantifier without specific meaning. ② Vocabularies not related to landscape description or landscape experience. ③ Synonyms that appeared repeatedly were replaced and excluded, and only one word is left for words with the same meaning (Kang et al., 2007; Woo and Suh, 2017; Zhang et al., 2021; Li and Son, 2018). After this series of refining processes, a total of 28,789 (1,891, 5,651, 5,039, 9,346, 6,862) vocabulary data, and a total of 4,069 (525, 1,005, 695, 961, 883) vocabulary data were refined. And after excluding repeated duplicate vocabulary categories data, the final vocabulary categories data used for analysis are 1,857, and the frequency is 14,651.

Table 1. Refinement of vocabulary data
Years Vocabulary categories (d) Removed vocabulary categories data Refined vocabulary categories data
Total (a) Frequency Total (b) Frequency Total (c) Frequency
1950s 1958 30 2,386 2,416 4,654 175 1,571 145 1,891 3,135 525 1,519
1980s 1980 41 2,480 2,521 5,021 221 1,786 169 2,176 4,035 345 986
1982 55 3,276 3,331 6,590 210 2,353 181 2,744 5,122 587 1,468
1987 67 4,219 4,286 8,631 336 3,041 222 3,599 6,865 687 1,766
Subtotal 81 6,575 6,656 20,242 567 4,808 276 5,651 16,022 1,005 4,220
1990s 1992 43 4,477 4,520 11,252 330 3,450 281 4,061 10,074 459 1,178
1999 37 3,726 3,763 9,764 287 2,789 256 3,332 8,729 431 1,035
Total 57 5,677 5,734 21,016 480 4,202 357 5,039 18,803 695 2,213
2000s 2002 51 3,629 3,680 7,174 285 2,649 229 3,163 5,677 517 1,497
2004 83 9,333 9,416 18,723 587 7,531 563 8,681 16,633 735 2,090
Subtotal 101 10,206 10,307 25,897 617 8,122 607 9,346 22,310 961 3,587
2010s 2015 97 5,147 5,244 10,412 721 3,245 741 4,707 8,440 537 1,972
2019 30 3,990 4,020 8,657 332 2,945 278 3,555 7,517 465 1,140
Subtotal 113 7,632 7,745 19,069 836 5,183 843 6,862 15,957 883 3,112
Total 382 32,476 32,858 90,878 2,675 23,886 2,228 28,789 76,227 4,069 14,651
Removed repeated duplicate vocabulary categories totals 1,857 14,651

Notes: ① classical statements; ② vocabulary for modern texts; ③ meaningless grammatical words; ④ words unrelated to landscape description; ⑤ synonyms (同義詞); (a)= ① + ②; (b)= ③ + ④ + ⑤, (c)= (a) − (b)

Download Excel Table

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Analysis of Landscape Types and Elements
4.1.1 Analysis of landscape types

In order to master the characteristics of landscape types, the obtained 4,069 vocabulary data were divided into natural landscapes, artificial landscapes, and human activities referring to Table 2.

Table 2. Characteristics of landscape types by time series
Landscape types 1950s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 1950-2010s
n p n p n p n p n p n p
Natural landscape Topography 97 18.5% 158 15.7% 106 15.3% 131 13.6% 120 13.6% 612 15.0%
Plants 34 6.5% 106 10.5% 56 8.1% 102 10.6% 96 10.9% 394 9.7%
Waterscape 41 7.8% 65 6.5% 47 6.8% 61 6.3% 55 6.2% 269 6.6%
Animals 7 1.3% 10 1.0% 5 0.7% 7 0.7% 13 1.5% 42 1.0%
Meteorology 11 2.1% 37 3.7% 24 3.5% 28 2.9% 24 2.7% 124 3.0%
Season 7 1.3% 7 0.7% 6 0.9% 9 0.9% 7 0.8% 36 0.9%
Time 11 2.1% 16 1.6% 12 1.7% 19 2.0% 16 1.8% 74 1.8%
Subtotal 208 39.6% 399 39.7% 256 36.8% 357 37.1% 331 37.5% 1,551 38.1%
Artificial landscape Buildings 77 14.7% 118 11.7% 81 11.7% 110 11.4% 97 11.0% 483 11.9%
Structures 65 12.4% 134 13.3% 115 16.5% 139 14.5% 124 14.0% 577 14.2%
Relics 23 4.4% 30 3.0% 16 2.3% 30 3.1% 26 2.9% 125 3.1%
Traffics 2 0.4% 3 0.3% 3 0.4% 3 0.3% 5 0.6% 16 0.4%
Subtotal 167 31.8% 285 28.4% 215 30.9% 282 29.3% 252 28.5% 1,201 29.5%
Human activities Human beings 27 5.1% 75 7.5% 45 8.2% 76 7.9% 57 6.5% 280 6.9%
Five Senses Vision 11 2.1% 19 1.9% 15 2.2% 15 1.6% 15 1.7% 75 1.8%
Hearing 4 0.8% 4 0.4% 6 0.7% 12 1.2% 5 0.6% 31 0.8%
Smell 2 0.4% 2 0.2% 3 0.7% 5 0.2% 5 0.6% 17 0.4%
Touch 2 0.4% 2 0.2% 4 0.1% 2 0.1% 3 0.3% 9 0.2%
Taste 1 0.2% 1 0.1% 1 3.2% 1 3.6% 1 0.1% 60 1.5%
External activities Belief 10 1.9% 38 3.8% 22 0.7% 35 0.4% 25 2.8% 82 2.0%
Production 3 0.6% 5 0.5% 5 3.0% 4 4.1% 6 0.7% 74 1.8%
Action 22 4.2% 31 3.1% 21 7.1% 39 7.2% 49 5.5% 220 5.4%
Internal activities Image 37 7.0% 66 6.6% 49 7.1% 69 6.7% 63 7.1% 284 7.0%
Semantics 31 5.9% 78 7.8% 53 7.6% 64 6.7% 71 8.0% 286 7.0%
Subtotal 150 28.6% 321 31.9% 224 32.2% 322 33.5% 300 34.0% 1,317 32.4%
Total 525 100.0% 1,005 100.0% 695 100.0% 961 100.0% 883 100.0% 4,069 100.0%

Notes: this table was remade after referring to Park and Jung (2021)

N: number of landscape elements; p: proportion

Download Excel Table

According to the analysis results, the landscape characteristic of Mount Tai shown in the guidebooks is dominated by natural landscapes (1,551, 38.1%), supplemented by human activities (1,317, 32.4%) and artificial landscapes (1,201, 29.5%). This result is different from what was shown in poems and Big Data analysis which proposed that the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai are dominated by human activities (Yu and Jung, 2021; 2022). In terms of the subdivided landscape types, there are more topography (15.0%) and plants (9.7%) in natural landscape, buildings (11.9%) and structures (14.2%) in artificial landscape, and image (7.0%), semantics (7.0%), and human beings (6.9%) in human activities. Overall, the order of proportion is topography, structures, buildings, plants, semantics, image, human beings, waterscape.

From the perspective of time series, from the 1950s to the 2010s, the proportion of natural landscape of Mount Tai is 39.6%, 39.7%, 36.8%, 37.1%, and 37.5%, without much change. The proportion of artificial landscape decreased from 31.8% (1950s) to 28.5% (2010s), and the proportion of human activities increased from 28.6% (1950s) to 34.0% (2010s). It can be seen that in the whole period, the natural landscape is the most important, and the closer to 2010s, the more attention is paid to human activities. In terms of the subdivided landscape types, topography, structures, and buildings have nothing to do with time, and the rankings have always been in the top three. In addition, as the time close to the 2010s, the proportion of plants increased from 6.5% (1950s) to 10.9% (2010s), showing the largest growth trend, followed by human beings from 5.2% (1950s) to 8.0% (2010s), semantics from 5.1% (1950s) to 6.5% (2010s), and action from 4.2% (1950s) to 5.5% (2010s). It can be seen that the guidebook puts more emphasis on the natural and artificial landscape such as the topography, structures and buildings of Mount Tai, as well as semantics, human beings and action.

The characteristics of landscape types that appear in the guidebooks are shown as that Mount Tai is dominated by natural landscapes, supplemented by human activities and artificial landscapes. In terms of the subdivided landscape types, landscape elements that appeared more are topography, structures, buildings, plants, semantics, image, human beings, and waterscape respectively, based on their proportion of appearance. And from the perspective of time series, in all periods, natural landscapes is the most important, and the closer to the 2010s, the more important human activities is. In addition, topography, structures, and buildings have always been in the top three regardless of time, and the closer to the 2010s, the more emphasis is placed on plants, human beings, semantics, and action.

4.1.2 Analysis of landscape elements

From the perspective of landscape types, among the natural landscape, the most frequent landscape elements in all periods include “the summit of Mount Tai” (167) in topography, “pine trees” (151) in plants, “streams” (198) and “springs” (137) in waterscape, “stone inscription” (176) in the relics of artificial landscapes, “emperor” (154) in human beings, “Fengshan (封禅)” (137) in belief and “majestic” in image (155) of human activities referring to Table 3. On the whole, the landscape elements that appeared in Mount Tai are “streams” (198), “stone inscription” (176), “the summit of Mount Tai” (167), “cliff” (166), “majestic” (155), “emperor” (154), “pine tree” (151), “Fengshan” (137), “springs” (137), “waterfall” (122) respectively, based on the frequency of appearance.

Table 3. Characteristics of landscape elements by time series
Landscape types 1950s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 1950-2010s
Natural landscape Topography The summit of Mount Tai (26), continuous peaks (19), cliff (15) and 94 others Cliff (50), valley (41), the summit of Mount Tai (37) and 155 others Valley (33), cliff (32), continuous peaks (24) and 103 others Valley (40), the summit of Mount Tai (36), cliff (36) and 128 others The summit of Mount Tai (45), continuous peaks (44), valley (49) and 117 others The summit of Mount Tai (167), cliff (166), continuous peaks (147) and 286 others
Plants Pine tree (9), Platycladus orientalis (6), Han Dynasty cypress (6) and 31 others Pine tree (40), amboo forest (13), Platycladus orientalis (16) and 103 others Pine tree (25), Platycladus orientalis (12), forest (13) and 53 others Pine tree (37), Platycladus orientalis (16), Wu Dafu pine (14) and 99 others Pine tree (40), Platycladus orientalis (25), forest (11) and 93 others Pine tree (151), Platycladus orientalis (75), forest (52) and 174 others
Waterscape Springs (15),waterfall (11), streams (9) and 38 others Springs (55), streams (50), waterfall (47) and 62 others Springs (40), streams (33), waterfall (17) and 44 others Springs (49), streams (23), waterfall (21) and 58 others Springs (40), waterfall (26), streams (22) and 52 others Springs (199), streams (137), waterfall (122) and 108 others
Animals Birds (2), insect (2), lions (1) and 4 others Red carp (6), beast (1) crane (1) and 7 others Birds (2), red carp (2) lions (1) and 2 others Cricket (2), birds (2), red carp (3) and 4 others Lions (3), birds (2), red carp (2) and 10 others Red carp (10), birds (9), lions (5) and 19 others
Meteorology Clouds (13), sunrise (12), rain (6) and 8 others Sunrise (33), sky (33) clouds (29), and 34 others Sky (32), mist (23) sunrise (18) and 21 others Sunrise (25), mist (22), sky (16) and 25 others Sky (30), mist (27) sunrise (22) and 21 others Sunrise (110), sky (103) mist (100) and 51 others
Season Summer (3), autumn (3), winner (2) and 4 others Summer (15), autumn (11), winner (7) and 4 others Autumn (9), summer (7), winner (3) and 1 others Summer (9), autumn (8), spring (4) and 6 others Summer (10), autumn (9), spring (2) and 4 others Summer (44), autumn (40), winner (17) and 8 others
Time Ming dynasty (15), Qing dynasty (15), Song dynasty (6) and 8 others Ming dynasty (29), Qing dynasty (26), Tang dynasty (14) and 13 others Qing dynasty (19), Ming dynasty (17), night (6) and 9 others Qing dynasty (17), Ming dynasty (18), Tang dynasty (9) and 16 others Tang dynasty (8), Qing dynasty (12), Ming dynasty (8) and 13 others Ming dynasty (89), Qing dynasty (89), Tang dynasty (41) and 28 others
Artificial landscape Buildings Dai Temple (16) Red Gate Palace (13), Temple (10) and 74 others Dai Temple (33), Temple (15), Bixia Temple (16) and 115 others Dai Temple (15), Bixia Temple (10), Temple (13) and 78 others Dai Temple (31), Bixia Temple (16), Temple (13) and 107 others Dai Temple (23), Temple (16), Tiankuang Hall (12) and 94 others Dai Temple (118), Temple (67), Bixia Temple (59) and 189 others
Structures Pavilion (11), mountain road (9), stone balustrade (7) and 62 others Pavilion (15), South Gate to Heaven (10) Eighteen Pan (8) and 131 others Mountain road (29), Pavilion (23), Eighteen Pan (17) and 112 others Mountain road (35), South Gate to Heaven (31), steps (25) and 136 others Eighteen Pan (15), mountain road (41), South Gate to Heaven (19) and 121 others Pavilion (84), mountain road (121) Eighteen Pan (62) and 243 others
Relics Inscription on stone tablet (10), stone inscription (8), relics (5), and 20 others Stone inscription (46),inscription on stone tablet (43), monument (21) and 27 others Stone inscription (30), inscription on stone tablet (15), inscriptions in the Sutra rock (12) and 13 others Stone inscription (39), inscription on stone tablet (10), relief stone sculpture (7) and 27 others Stone inscription (53), inscriptionless stele (7),inscription on stone tablet (14) and 23 others Stone inscription (176), inscription on stone tablet (92), inscriptions in the Sutra rock (42) and 50 others
Traffics Carriage (1), sedan (1) Carriage (2), sedan (2), boat (1) Cable car (5), bus (2), sedan (1) Cable car (4), bus (3), boat (1) Cable car (2), bus (3), bike (2) and 2 others Cable car (11) bus (8), sedan (4) and 8 others
Human activities Human Beings Emperorr (20), tourists (11), emperorr Qianlong (10) and 24 others Emperorr (42), emperorr Qianlong (27), tourists (25) and 76 others Emperorr (20), tourists (17), emperorr Qianlong (14) and 42 others Emperorr (34), emperorr Qianlong (8), tourists (6) and 73 others Emperorr (38), tourists (27), emperorr Qianlong (21) and 69 others Emperorr (154) tourists (86), emperorr Qianlong (80) and 116 others
Five Senses Vision Green (4), red (3), the light (3) and 8 others Red (20), green (15), grey (12) and 16 others Red (9), golden (9), green (10) and 12 others Golden (2), green (2), cyan (1) and 12 others Cyan (4), white (3), red (7) and 12 others Red (40), green (34), cyan (21) and 39 others
Hearing Water sounds (3), birdcall (1), buddhist music (1) and 1 others Water sounds (16), birdcall (5), buddhist music (2) and 1 others Water sounds (7), music (5), readiing sounds (2) and 3 others Bells (2), water sounds (1), birdcall (1) and 9 others Water sounds (4), birdcall (2), touting(2) and 2 others Water sounds (31), birdcall (10), buddhist music (5) and 11 others
Smell Floral fragrance (1), smell of the incense (1) Floral fragrance (5), smell of the incense (1) Floral fragrance (2), scholarly fragrance (2), Tea fragrance (2) Floral fragrance (2), scholarly fragrance (2), herb fragrance (1) and 2 others Scholarly fragrance (4), floral fragrance (5), smell of the incense (2) and 2 others Floral fragrance (15), scholarly fragrance (6) smell of the incense (5) and 8 others
Touch Cool (1), soft (1) Cool (3), hot (2) Cool (2), hot (1), pleasantly cool (1) and 1 other Cool (1), pleasantly cool (1) Pleasantly cool (5), cool (1), hot (1) Cool (8), hot (3), pleasantly cool (2) and 1 other
Taste Sweet (1) Sweet (5) Sweet (2) Sweet (2) Sweet (2) Sweet (12)
External activities Belief Fengshan (19), sacrifices (16), offer sacrifice to Heaven (9) and 7 others Fengshan (45), sacrifices (25), buddhist (9) and 35 others Fengshan (23), buddhist (10), sacrifices (10) and 19 others Fengshan (25), Taoism (21), sacrifices (21) and 32 others Fengshan (22), sacrifices (21), burning incense (12) and 25 others Fengshan (137), sacrifices (93), Taoism (53) and 59 others
Production Farm work (1), picking fruit (1), food shop (1) Farm work (4), picking fruit (4), food shop (1) and 2 others Farm work (2), picking fruit (2), food shop (1) and 2 others Tea making (1), picking tea leaves (1), fishing (1) and 1 others Farm work (5) picking fruit (2), doing business (1) and 3 others Farm work (12), picking fruit (8), food shop (4) and 5 others
Action Overlooking (15), look at (14), appreciate (12) and 19 others Overlooking (29), climbing (27), sing (20) and 33 others Climbing (30), overlooking (25), appreciate (10) and 18 others Climbing (37), overlookig (31), seclusion (9) and 36 others Climbing (28), overlooking (28), experience (19) and 49 others Climbing (121), overlooking (96), appreciate (57) and 91 others
Internal activities Image Majestic (21), magnificent (15), beautiful (13) and 34 others Majestic (39), peculiar (36), precipitous (32) and 63 others Majestic (26), peculiar (24), the Most Revered of the Five Sacred Mountains (21) and 46 others Majestic (31), the Most Revered of the Five Sacred Mountains (25), magnificent (24) and 66 others Majestic (34), the Most Revered of the Five Sacred Mountains (27), magnificent (24) and 60 others Majestic (155), magnificent (95), the Most Revered of the Five Sacred Mountains (81) and 147 others
Semantics Divine Dragon (17), legends (16), Bixia Yuanjun (11) and 28 others Legends (35), immortal (17), Divine Dragon (23) and 75 others Fairyland (11), Divine Dragon (12), legends (9) and 50 others Fairyland (17), Mount Tai God (22), legends (16) and 61 others Legends (27), Bixia Yuanjun (22), fairyland (18) and 68 others Legends (105), divine dragon (74), fairyland (70) and 152 others
Download Excel Table

From the perspective of time series, the results of the landscape elements of Mount Tai appearing in the guidebooks show that among the natural landscape, “the summit of Mount Tai”, “peaks”, “cliffs” in topography and “streams” in waterscape appeared relatively frequently in all periods. It can be seen that the guidebooks emphasize the topography and waterscape landscape of Mount Tai. “Fengshan” and “sacrifice (祭祀)” in belief of human activities, and “legends” in semantics appeared frequently from the 1950s to the 1980s, and after the 1990s, “climbing” and “overlooking” in action appeared relatively more frequently. This is related to the facts that PRC was founded in the early 1950s and then Mount Tai was included in the World Heritage List in the 1980s, thus further emphasizing the historical and cultural value of Mount Tai, as well as the fact that since the 1990s, Tai’an City has held Mount Tai International Mountaineering Festival to establish an international city image and enrich national life. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the 1950s and 1980s, “Fengshan”, “sacrifice” and semantics were emphasized in the beliefs of human activities on Mount Tai, and after the 1990s, more emphasis was placed on “climbing” and “overlooking” in action of human activities.

In addition, the frequency of “The Most Revered of the Five Sacred Mountains (五岳独尊)”3) in image has increased significantly since the 1990s, ranking third in the whole time. From this, it can be concluded that after Mount Tai was listed in the World Heritage List in 1987, the image of Mount Tai as a national mountain “The Most Revered of the Five Sacred Mountains” became more prominent (Liu and Zheng, 2010).

Summarizing the characteristics of the landscape elements in the guidebooks introducing Mount Tai, it can be found that the sequence of landscape elements is “streams”, “stone inscription”, “the summit of Mount Tai”, “cliff”, “majestic”, “emperor”, “pine tree”, “Fengshan”, “springs”, “waterfall” successively based on their frequency of appearance. From the perspective of time series, “Fengshan” and “sacrifice” in beliefs and “legends” in semantics appeared relatively more frequently in the 1950s and 1980s, and “climbing” and “overlooking” in action after the 1990s appeared relatively more frequently.

4.2 Analysis of Spatial Distribution Characteristics

According to the time series, the landscape elements that can obtain geographic coordinates in the guidebooks are shown in Table 4. 135 in the 1950s, 154 in the 1980s, 142 in the 1990s, 121 in the 2000s, and 101 in the 2010s, 653 landscape elements were derived. A total of 181 landscape elements were obtained after removing the repeated landscape elements. The spatial distribution analysis results are shown in Figure 2.

Table 4. Landscape elements that can be confirmed in geographic coordinates
Year Landscape elements (frequency) Total Year Landscape elements (frequency) Total
1950s The summit of Mount Tai (25), Dai Temple (15), Red Gate Palace (13) and 132 others 135 2000s The summit of Mount Tai (36), South Gate to Heaven (31), Bixia Temple (16) and 118 others 121
1980s The summit of Mount Tai (37), Dai Temple (33), South Gate to Heaven (22) and 151 others 154 2010s The summit of Mount Tai (45), Dai Temple (23), South Gate to Heaven (19) and 98 others 101
1990s The summit of Mount Tai (23), Eighteen Pan (17), Dai Temple (15) and 139 others 142 Total 653
Totals after duplicate landscape elements removed 181
Download Excel Table
jkila-51-2-54-g2
Figure 2. Spatial distribution analysis
Download Original Figure
4.2.1 Kernel density analysis

In order to investigate the concentration of Mount Tai landscape elements appearing in guidebooks in different periods, Kernel Density analysis was performed according to the frequency of landscape elements (Figure 2 (a) - (f)). From the perspective of time series, “the summit of Mount Tai”, “Dai Temple”, “Red Gate Palace”, and ”Baizhang cliff” appeared most frequently in the 1950s (Figure 2 (a)), and in the 1980s (Figure 2 (b)) and 1990s (Figure 2 (c)) “the summit of Mount Tai”, “Dai Temple”, “Eighteen Pan”, and “South Gate to Heaven” appeared most frequently. In the 2000s (Figure 2 (d)) and 2010s (Figure 2 (e)), the landscape elements of “the summit of Mount Tai”, “South Gate to Heaven”, “Bixia Temple (碧霞祠)”, and “Dai Temple (岱廟)” appeared most frequently. In all periods (Figure 2 (f)), the more frequent elements “the summit of Mount Tai”, “South Gate to Heaven”, “Eighteen Pan”, “Bixia Temple” are located in the area higher than the South Gate to Heaven of Mount Tai, which is also known as Daiding (岱顶) of Mount Tai (Li, 1987). In addition, Dai Temple is the place where the emperors of all dynasties held the Fengshan ceremony and offered sacrifices to the gods of Mount Tai. The landscape elements appearing in the guidebooks are mainly distributed in Mount Tai Daiding and Dai Temple centering on “the summit of Mount Tai”. This result is consistent with the results obtained from the analysis of poems and big data (Yu and Jung, 2021; Yu and Jung, 2022). Therefore, Mount Tai Daiding centering on “the summit of Mount Tai” and Dai Temple space are very important and needs to be protected in the future.

4.2.2 Mean center analysis

Mean Center analysis was conducted to understand the center changes of Mount Tai landscape elements. From the perspective of time series, the mean center in the 1950s (Figure 2 (a)) was located between “the summit of Mount Tai” and the “Red Gate”, while in the 1980s (Figure 2 (b)) and 1990s (Figure 2 (c)), the location did not change much, gradually moving southward compared with that in the 1950s. In the 2000s (Figure 2 (d)) and 2010s (Figure 2 (e)) the mean center continued to move southward, close to the Tai ’an urban area. In all periods, the mean center of landscape elements is located on the south side of the summit of Mount Tai. The closer the time is to the 2010s, the more approaching the location is to Tai’an City from the summit of Mount Tai and the middle of “Red Gate”.

4.2.3 Standard deviational ellipse analysis

Standard Deviational Ellipse analysis was conducted to understand the spatial distribution of Mount Tai landscape elements in different time series. The results showed that in the 1950s (Figure 2 (a)), the eccentricity was 0.80, representing that the landscape elements were concentrated in Red Gate Mountaineering roads, and Tianwai Village scenic spot. In the 1980s (Figure 2 (b)), the eccentricity was 0.77, representing that the landscape elements were mainly distributed in Red Gate mountaineering road. However, compared with the 1950s, the landscape elements on the mountaineering roads of Tianwai Village (天外村), Taohua Valley (桃花峪) and Tianzhu Peak (天烛峰) gradually increased. In the 1990s (Figure 2 (c)), the eccentricity was 0.60, showing that the landscape elements exhibited in the form of scattered distribution in the four mountaineering roads of Red Gate, Tianwai Village, Taohua Valley, Tianzhu Peak and Culai Mountain (徂徕山). The eccentricities in the 2000s (Figure 2 (d)) and 2010s (Figure 2 (e)) were 0.63 and 0.66, displaying that the landscape elements appeared in the form of scattered distribution not only in the mountain area of Mount Tai, but also in the urban area of Tai’an.

Summarizing the spatial distribution characteristics of Mount Tai’s landscape elements in the guidebooks, Daiding and Dai Temple are the most concentrated in all periods. As the time closer to the 2010s, the mean center gradually approaches the urban area of Tai’an from the middle of the summit of Mount Tai and the Red Gate. In addition, the landscape elements has changed from a concentrated distribution form in Mount Tai scenic spot to a scattered spatial distribution form including Mount Tai and Tai ’an urban area.

5. Conclusion

In order to master the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai, this study analyzed the landscape types and elements characteristics of Mount Tai by time series, and analyzed the spatial distribution of landscape elements in guidebooks. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows.

Firstly, the characteristics of landscape types shown in the guidebooks are dominated by natural landscapes (37.0%), supplemented by human activities (33.8%) and artificial landscapes (29.2%). This result is different from what was shown in poems and Big Data, which proposed that the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai are dominated by human activities (Yu and Jung, 2021; Yu and Jung, 2022). Moreover, cultural researchers on Mount Tai pointed out that one of the important reasons why Mount Tai is so famous is the unique Mount Tai culture and spirit, which is more important than a physical landscape. However, this is inconsistent with our finding that the landscape characteristics of Mount Tai are dominated by nature landscapes (Dai and Zhang, 1982; Chen, 2010). That is to say, there are obvious differences on the views and preferences of landscape characteristics among the propagandists (managers) of Mount Tai scenic spot, the enlighteners (poets or celebrities), the landscape appreciators (tourists) of Mount Tai scenic spot, and the cultural researchers. This enlightens us that when improving the guidebooks of Mount Tai, we should not only focus on improving the existing charm of Mount Tai landscape, but also on the coordinated development focusing on the participation of landscape activities or the significance of the landscape. This will contribute to the sustainable development of Mount Tai Scenic Spot.

Secondly, from the perspective of subdivided landscape types, the landscape elements that appeared in Mount Tai are topography (14.7%), structures (14.2%), buildings (11.9%), plants (9.7%), semantics (7.6%), huamn beings (7.4%), image (7.2%) orderly based on the proportion of landscape elements. It can be seen that the guidebook emphasizes the natural and artificial landscape such as the topography, structures and buildings of Mount Tai, as well as the semantics, human beings and image.

Thirdly, from the perspective of landscape elements, “Fengshan” and “sacrifice” in beliefs and “legends” in semantics appeared relatively more frequently in the 1950s and 1980s, and “climbing” and “overlooking” in action of human activities after the 1990s appeared relatively more frequently. It can be seen that in the 1950s and 1980s, Mount Tai belief activities (“Fengshan”, “sacrifice”) and semantics were emphasized, and after the 1990s, more attention was paid to action.

Fourthly, the characteristics of spatial distribution are that in all periods, the landscape elements of Mount Tai were the most concentrated on the Daiding and Dai Temple. This result is consistent with the results obtained from the analysis of poems and big data (Yu and Jung, 2021; 2022). The closer it is to the 2010s, the more approaching the mean center is to Tai’an urban area from the summit of Mount Tai and the middle of Red Gate. In addition, the landscape elements have changed from the concentrated distribution form of Mount Tai scenic spot to the scattered distribution form including Mount Tai and Tai’an urban area. This is related to the Chinese government’s urban development strategy of integrating mountains and cities with the advancement of urbanization in China after the 2000s (He, 2016).

Based on the analysis results of this study, it is necessary to put forward supplementary schemes for the interaction between tourists and landscape or pay attention to tourists’ landscape experience, and make long-term plans for the coordinated development of Tai ’an City and Mount Tai landscape, instead of simply displaying or introducing the objective landscape of Mount Tai in the future. We hope that the findings of this study will contribute to enriching the landscape experience of Korea’s famous mountains.

In addition, this study only analyzes the frequency of landscape elements in guidebooks, hardly to represent all characteristics of the landscape of Mount Tai, which is the limitation of this study. But it can be found that the semantic network analysis in guidebooks is also quite important, thus it could be the subject of future research to be conducted.

Notes

Kernel density analysis is a non-parametric algorithm based on the density function of the point data set. It is a method to calculate the unit density of point and line elements in a certain range (Wu and Lu, 2017). In this study, the concentration of landscape elements in Mount Tai is represented according to the frequency of occurrence. The mathematical principle formula is specified as follows.

f(x)=1nhi=1nKxxih

Here, K () is the kernel function and h is the threshold value.

From the 1950s to the 2010s, 10 guidebooks were produced: Volume 1 in the 1950 (1958); Volume 3 in the 1980s (1980, 1982, 1987); Volumes 2 in the 1990s (1992 and 1999); Volumes 2 in the 2000s (2002 and 2005); Volumes 2 in the 2010s (2015 and 2019); a total of 10 volumes.

References

1.

Ahn, S. M. and S. H. Park(2015) Japan representation in the travel guidebooks - Focusing on before and after the liberalization of overseas travel in 1989 -. Teacher and Education 34: 1-16

2.

Arima, T.(2015) Changing image of the Mt. Fuji region as a tourism destination: Content analysis of the Rurubu Mt. Fuji guidebook series. Journal of Geography 124(6): 1033-1045.

3.

Askawa, M. and M. Okano(2008) Content analysis of the travel brochure of Yonaguni Island with respect to its points of interest. Shonan Forum: Journal of the Shonan Research Institute Bunkyo University: Minutes of Shonan Comprehensive Research Institute of Culture and Education University 12: 139-147.

4.

Chen, W. J.(2010) Gyeongnam Studies: Taesan Culture in the Perspective of Chinese Culture. Gyeongnam Cultural Studies 31: 243-263.

5.

Dai, Y. K. and J. Zhang(1982) Mount Tai Research Series. Tsingdao Ocean University Publisher.

6.

Eric, P.(1961) A Charm of Words: Essays and Papers on Language, Ayer Company Publishers Incorporated.

7.

Han, J. E.(2019) “Guidebooks on and off the beaten track – Focusing on changes of western guidebooks and travel (Tourism) -.” Cultural Historical Geography 31(2): 42-59.

8.

Hanamura, C., H. Kaga, Y. Shimomura and N. Masuda(2001) A Comparative Study on Landscape Characteristics of Osaka [Japan] between Today and the End of the Edo Period Based on Visual and Environmental Evaluation of Famous Places. Scientific Report of the Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University (Japan).

9.

He, X. (2016) Tai’ an Main Historic Landscape Axis’s Conservation and Renovation Planning Research, Master’s thesis of Tsinghua University.

10.

Kang, S. Y., S. S. Park and Y. I. Hong(2007) The Destination Image of Jeju on the Guidebook: Focused on the Content Analysis 22(3): 259-280.

11.

Keaisumi, K. and Y. Nakai(2016) The change of landscape descriptions from the Meiji era to the guidebook of Hakone. Journal of Landscape Design 12(12): 194-199.

12.

Kato, H. M., K. C. R. Fujjsaki and T. H. Katsno(2001) How Japanese persons have been affected by landscape: Inference from the words in poems. Papers on Environmental Information Science 11(15):91-94.

13.

Lee, D. J.(2018) A study on the aspect of shaping of mount Tai Quoted in the Chinese poetry of Korea. Journal of Korean Classical Chinese Literature 37(1): 221-249.

14.

Li, S. H. and Y. H. Son(2018) Identifying landscape perceptions of visitors’ to the Taean coast national park using social media data- Focused on Kkotji Beach, Sinduri Coastal Sand Dune, and Manlipo Beach. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 46(5): 10-21.

15.

Li, J. S.(1987) Ancient Tarzan. New World Press.

16.

Lin, X.(2009) Urban Development and Social Change: A Study on Urban Modernization in Fujian (1843~1949). Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House.

17.

Liu, H. and P. Zheng(2010) Mount Tai. World Book Publishing Company.

18.

Okano, Y., A. Soshiroda and F. Hanyu(2001) A study of the change in Sdo City Suburban Sights As Seen in the Guidebook to Sights of the Edo Era 65(5): 797-800.

19.

Park, K. M. and T. Y. Jung(2021) A study on coastal landscapes of the Joseon dynasty period recorded in Haehaeng-chongjae, - Focusing on Semantic Network Analysis. Korea Landscape Council 13(1): 70-93.

20.

Qu, J. X. and Y. Zhou(2005) Mount Tai Tongjian. Shandong Qilu Publishing House.

21.

Seo, K. J.(2009) Invitation to the wonder world - Kumgangsan viewed through modern traveler’s guidebook-. Korean Japanese of Japanese Language and Literature 40: 227-252.

22.

Seo, J.(2005) Invitation to wonder world - Mount Kumgang seen through the modern travel guide. Study of Japanese Culture 14: 73-92.

23.

Shibasaki, S.(2019) Changes in the promotional images of Yakushima island as a tourist site. Research Report of National Museum of History and Folklore 215: 69-90.

24.

Wu, J. H. and Y. F. Lu(2017) Arcgis Software and Applications. Electronic Industry Press.

25.

Woo, K. S. and J. H. Suh(2017) Urban landscape image study by text mining and factor analysis- Focused on Lotte world tower. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 45(4): 104-117.

26.

Xu, F.(2019) Research on Planning Theory and Methods of Landscape Architecture in Mount Tai. Ph. D. Thesis. Beijing Forestry University.

27.

Yu, Y. and T. Jung(2022) A study on landscape characteristics of mount tai in big data. Korea Landscape Council 14(1): 60-76.

28.

Yu, Y. and T. Jung(2021) A study on the landscape elements and distribution characteristics of mount Tai appearing in poems. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 49(6): 80-92.

29.

Yu, Y.(2023) The Characteristics of Mount Tai Landscape in the Landscape Associated Texts. Ph. D. Thesis. Kyungpook National University

30.

Zhang, R., J. Wang and S. Brown(2021) ‘The charm of a thousand years’: Exploring tourists’ perspectives of the ‘culture-nature value’ of the humble administrator’s garden, Suzhou, China. Landscape Research 46(8): 1071-1088.